Mu mijyi minini, amagare akoresha ingufu z'amashanyarazi n'iz'amapine mu gutwara imizigo iremereye agenda asimbuza amakamyo asanzwe atwara imizigo.
Buri wa kabiri, umugabo uri ku nkombe agendera ku igare ridasanzwe ritwara amapine atatu ahagarara mu busitani hanze y’iduka rya Kate ice cream muri Portland, muri leta ya Oregon, kugira ngo agarure ibicuruzwa bishya.
Yashyize amakarito 30 ya Kate's merchandises - ice cream y'imboga irimo waffle cones na marionberry cobbler - mu gikapu gikonjesha, ayashyira hamwe n'ibindi bicuruzwa mu gasanduku k'icyuma kari inyuma y'intebe. Yari yikoreye imizigo igera kuri ibiro 100, maze ajya mu majyaruguru y'uburasirazuba bwa Sandy Boulevard.
Buri kanya ka pedal karushaho gukomezwa na moteri y'amashanyarazi idatuje yihishe muri chassis. Nubwo yayoboye imodoka y'ubucuruzi ifite ubugari bwa metero 1.5, yagendaga mu muhanda w'amagare.
Nyuma y'ikirometero n'igice, igare rinini ryageze mu bubiko bwa B-line Urban Delivery. Isosiyete iherereye hagati mu mujyi, hafi y'uruzi rwa Willamette. Ipakurura ibicuruzwa mu bubiko buto kandi buri hagati kurusha ububiko bunini busanzwe butwara amapaki.
Buri gice cy'iki kibazo gitandukanye n'uburyo bwinshi bwo gutanga ibicuruzwa bwa nyuma muri iki gihe. Biroroshye gutekereza serivisi ya B-line nk'indi serivisi idasanzwe ya Portland. Ariko imishinga nk'iyo irimo kwaguka mu mirwa mikuru y'i Burayi nka Paris na Berlin. Byari byemewe n'amategeko muri Chicago; byamaze kwemezwa mu Mujyi wa New York, aho Amazon.com Inc. ifite amagare 200 y'amashanyarazi yo gutanga ibicuruzwa.
Katelyn Williams, nyiri ice cream, yagize ati: “Birafasha buri gihe kutagira ikamyo nini ya mazutu.”
Ibi ni byo bisabwa kugira ngo haboneke amagare atwara imizigo akoresha amashanyarazi cyangwa amagare atatu akoresha amashanyarazi akomeje gutera imbere. Ni itsinda ry’amagare akoresha amashanyarazi akoresha pedali yarushijeho gukundwa cyane muri iki gihe cy’icyorezo. Abashyigikiye bavuga ko imodoka nto zikoresha amashanyarazi zishobora kugenda mu ntera ngufi no gutanga ibicuruzwa vuba mu duce dutuwe cyane tw’umujyi, mu gihe bigabanya urusaku, urusaku n’umwanda uterwa n’amakamyo atwara imizigo.
Ariko, ubu bukungu ntiburagaragara mu mihanda ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ikunda imodoka. Ubu buryo busaba kongera gutekereza ku buryo ibicuruzwa byinjira mu mujyi. Ubwoko bushya bw'ibinyabuzima by'inyamahanga bushobora guteza amakimbirane mu duce dusanzwe twuzuyemo imodoka, abanyamagare n'abanyamaguru.
Amagare akoresha amashanyarazi ni igisubizo gishoboka ku kibazo gikomeye cyane mu bijyanye n'ibijyanye n'ubwikorezi. Ni gute wabigeza ku muryango binyuze mu nzira ya nyuma iva mu bubiko?
Ikibazo ni uko nubwo icyifuzo cyo gutanga umusaruro gisa n'aho kitagira imipaka, umwanya wo ku muhanda ntabwo ari wo.
Abatuye mu mujyi basanzwe bazi amakamyo na tramu ziparitse (n’izisubiwemo) zifite amatara y’impanuka. Ku banyura mu nzira, ibi bivuze ko imodoka nyinshi zitwara abantu n’ibintu bihumanya ikirere. Ku bohereza ibicuruzwa, ibi bivuze ko ibiciro byo kubigezaho biri hejuru kandi igihe cyo kubigezaho kikaba gito. Mu Ukwakira, abashakashatsi bo muri Kaminuza ya Washington basanze amakamyo atwara ibicuruzwa yamaze 28% by’igihe cyo kubigeza ashakisha aho baparika imodoka.
Mary Catherine Snyder, umujyanama mu by’umutekano mu bijyanye no guparika imodoka mu Mujyi wa Seattle, yagize ati: “Ubukene bw’inzira zo ku muhanda ni bwinshi cyane kuruta uko tubikeneye. Umujyi wa Seattle wagerageje gukoresha amagare y’amashanyarazi afite amashanyarazi muri UPS Inc. umwaka ushize.
Icyorezo cya COVID-19 cyongereye akajagari. Mu gihe cyo gufunga, inganda zitanga serivisi nka UPS na Amazon zahuye n'ingaruka zikomeye. Ibiro bishobora kuba nta muntu uhari, ariko inzira y'umuhanda mu gace k'umujyi yongeye gufungwa n'abatanga serivisi bakoresheje serivisi za Grubhub Inc. na DoorDash Inc. mu gutwara amafunguro ava muri resitora ajya mu rugo.
Igerageza ririmo gukorwa. Amasosiyete amwe n'amwe ashinzwe ibijyanye n'ibikoresho arimo kugerageza ubushobozi bw'umukiriya bwo kwirinda urugi, ahubwo agashyira amapaki mu makabati, cyangwa mu gihe cya Amazon, mu modoka. Indege zitagira abapilote zirashoboka, nubwo zishobora kuba zihenze cyane uretse gutwara ibintu byoroheje kandi bifite agaciro gakomeye nk'imiti.
Abashyigikiye iyi gahunda bavuga ko amagare magufi mato kandi yoroshye arusha amakamyo kwihuta kandi nta byuka bihumanya ikirere bitanga ubushyuhe bwinshi. Yoroshye kuyitwara mu modoka, kandi ishobora guparika ahantu hato cyangwa no ku muhanda.
Dukurikije ubushakashatsi bwakozwe ku magare atwara imizigo akoresha amashanyarazi yashyizwe muri Kaminuza ya Toronto umwaka ushize, gusimbuza amakamyo atwara imizigo akoresha amashanyarazi bishobora kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere ho toni 1.9 ku mwaka - nubwo amagare menshi atwara imizigo akoresha amashanyarazi n'amakamyo atwara imizigo asanzwe akunze gukenerwa.
Umuyobozi mukuru akaba n'uwashinze B-line, Franklin Jones (Franklin Jones), yavuze mu kiganiro cya vuba aha ko uko abaturage benshi barushaho kuba benshi, ari nako ikiguzi cyo gutwara amagare kigabanuka.
Kugira ngo amagare atwara imizigo akoreshwe n'amashanyarazi atere imbere, hagomba kubaho impinduka ikomeye: ububiko buto bwo mu gace. Amasosiyete menshi acuruza ibikoresho ashyira ububiko bunini ku nkengero z'umujyi. Ariko, kubera ko amagare ari magufi cyane, akeneye ibikoresho biri hafi aho. Byitwa mini hubs.
Aka gace gato kitwa hoteli y’ibikoresho kamaze gukoreshwa i Paris. Kuri izi nkombe, ikigo gishya cyitwa Reef Technology cyatsindiye inkunga ya miliyoni 700 z’amadolari y’Amerika mu nkunga yo kubaka ikigo cyayo kiri mu gace k’imodoka ziparika mu mujyi mu kwezi gushize, kugira ngo kigere ku buryo bwo gutwara imodoka mu buryo bwa nyuma.
Nk’uko Bloomberg News ibitangaza, Amazon yanashinze ibigo bito 1.000 byo gukwirakwiza ibicuruzwa hirya no hino muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.
Sam Starr, umujyanama wigenga mu by’imizigo irambye muri Kanada, yavuze ko kugira ngo amapikipiki atwara imizigo akoreshwe, aya mapine magufi agomba gutatanywa mu ntera iri hagati ya kilometero 2 na 6, bitewe n’ubucucike bw’umujyi.
Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, kugeza ubu, ibisubizo by’ubwikorezi bw’ikoranabuhanga ntibiragaragara. Umwaka ushize, UPS yasanze mu igerageza rya e-cargo tricycle i Seattle ko igare ryatangaga amapaki make cyane mu isaha imwe ugereranyije n’amakamyo asanzwe yo mu gace ka Seattle gatuwe n’abantu benshi.
Ubushakashatsi bwemeza ko igerageza rimara ukwezi kumwe gusa rishobora kuba rigufi cyane ku buryo ridashobora gutangwa. Ariko kandi bwagaragaje ko akarusho k'amagare - mato - na ko ari intege nke.
Ubushakashatsi bwagize buti: “Amagare akoresha amashanyarazi ashobora kuba adakora neza nk’amakamyo.” Ubushobozi buke bwo gutwara imizigo yabo butuma bashobora kugabanya ibyo batwara igihe cyose bagiye mu rugendo, kandi bagomba kongera gushyiramo ibikoresho kenshi.”
Mu Mujyi wa New York, rwiyemezamirimo witwa Gregg Zuman, washinze imodoka nini y’umuvuduko, amaze imyaka 15 agerageza kuzana moto zitwara imizigo zikoresha amashanyarazi ku mbaga y’abantu. Aracyakora cyane.
Igitekerezo cya mbere cya Zuman cyari ugukora itsinda ry'amagare atatu akoreshwa n'amashanyarazi mu 2005. Ibyo ntibihuye n'aho tagisi zikorera mu mujyi. Mu 2007, Minisiteri y'Ibinyabiziga yagennye ko amagare y'ubucuruzi ashobora kugendeshwa n'abantu gusa, bivuze ko atazagendeshwa na moteri zikoresha amashanyarazi. Rikshow y'impinduramatwara yahagaritswe imyaka irenga icumi.
Umwaka ushize wari umwanya wo gukuraho ikibazo. Abaturage ba New York, kimwe n'abatuye mu mijyi hirya no hino ku isi, bakunda amagare akoresha amashanyarazi n'amagare akoreshwa n'amashanyarazi.
Mu Kuboza, Umujyi wa New York wemeje igeragezwa ry’amagare atwara imizigo akoresha amashanyarazi i Manhattan rikorwa n’ibigo bikomeye by’ubwikorezi nka UPS, Amazon na DHL. Muri icyo gihe, ibigo bitanga serivisi z’ingendo nka Bird, Uber na Lime byarebye isoko rinini ry’igihugu maze byemeza inteko ishinga amategeko ya leta kwemeza ko amagare n’amapikipiki bitwara amashanyarazi byemewe n’amategeko. Muri Mutarama, Guverineri Andrew Cuomo (D) yahagaritse ibyo yarwanyaga maze ashyiraho itegeko.
Zuman yagize ati: “Ibi bituma dutsindwa.” Yavuze ko hafi ya moto zose zikoresha amashanyarazi ku isoko zifite nibura santimetero 18 z'ubugari.
Amategeko ya leta ntavuga ku ngingo y’amagare atwara imizigo akoresha amashanyarazi. Mu mijyi no muri leta, iyo hari amategeko, aratandukanye cyane.
Mu Ukwakira, Chicago yabaye imwe mu mijyi ya mbere yashyizeho amategeko. Abajyanama b'umujyi bemeje amabwiriza yemerera amakamyo akoresha amashanyarazi kugenda mu nzira z'amagare. Afite umuvuduko ntarengwa wa kilometero 15 ku isaha n'ubugari bwa metero 1. Umushoferi akeneye uruhushya rwo gutwara igare kandi igare rigomba guparika ahantu hasanzwe ho guparika.
Mu mezi 18 ashize, iyi kompanyi ikomeye mu bucuruzi bw’ikoranabuhanga n’ibijyanye n’itumanaho yavuze ko imaze gushyiraho amagare agera kuri 200 atwara imizigo akoresha amashanyarazi muri Manhattan na Brooklyn, kandi ko iteganya guteza imbere gahunda cyane. Andi masosiyete atwara imizigo nka DHL na FedEx Corp. nayo afite abapilote batwara imizigo bakoresha ikoranabuhanga, ariko ntabwo ari banini nka Amazon.
Zuman yagize ati: “Mu myaka mike iri imbere, Amazon izatera imbere vuba muri iri soko.” “Izamuka vuba cyane mbere ya buri wese.”
Uburyo bw'ubucuruzi bwa Amazon buhabanye n'uburyo bwo gutwara ibicuruzwa bwa Portland B-line. Ntabwo ari uburyo bwo gutwara ibicuruzwa kuva ku mucuruzi umwe kugera ku wundi, ahubwo ni uburyo bwo gutwara ibicuruzwa kuva ku mukiriya umwe kugera ku wundi. Whole Foods Market Inc., supermarket y’umwimerere ifitwe na Amazon, igemura ibiribwa mu gace ka Brooklyn ka Manhattan na Williamsburg.
Byongeye kandi, imiterere y'imodoka zayo zikoresha amashanyarazi nayo itandukanye rwose, ibi bikaba bigaragaza uburyo inganda zikora neza muri iki gihe gito.
Imodoka za Amazon si amagare atatu. Iri ni igare risanzwe rikoreshwa n'amashanyarazi. Ushobora gukurura ikamyo, ukayikuramo, hanyuma ukinjira mu cyumba cyo kuraramo cy'inyubako. (Zuman ayita "ikigare cy'abakire".) Amagare hafi ya yose akoreshwa n'amashanyarazi akorerwa i Burayi. Mu bihugu bimwe na bimwe, amagare akoreshwa n'amashanyarazi akoreshwa nk'amagare y'abana cyangwa amagare atwara ibiribwa.
Igishushanyo mbonera kiri ku ikarita yose. Hari abantu batuma umugenzi yicara ahagaze, abandi bakamugara. Hari abashyira agasanduku k'imizigo inyuma, abandi bagashyira agasanduku imbere. Hari abashyira hanze, abandi bagapfunyika umushoferi mu gitambaro cya pulasitiki ibonerana kugira ngo imvura itagwa.
Jones, washinze Portland, yavuze ko umujyi wa Portland udakeneye uruhushya rwa B-line kandi ko udakeneye kwishyura amafaranga. Byongeye kandi, itegeko rya Oregon ryemerera amagare kugira imbaraga zikomeye zifasha mu gutwara amagare - kugeza kuri watts 1.000 - ku buryo igare rigira umuvuduko ujyanye n'urujya n'uruza rw'imodoka kandi rikagira igikundiro cyo gutuma umuntu wese azamuka umusozi.
Yagize ati: “Bidahari, ntitwashoboraga guha akazi abantu batandukanye, kandi nta gihe gihoraho cyo gutanga ibicuruzwa twari kubona.”
Line B ifite kandi abakiriya. Ubu ni bwo buryo bwo gutanga ibicuruzwa byo mu gace ka New Seasons Market, ikaba ari uruhererekane rw’amaduka 18 y’ibiribwa by’umwimerere mu karere. Carlee Dempsey, Umuyobozi ushinzwe ibikoresho by’ubucuruzi muri New Seasons, yavuze ko iyi gahunda yatangiye mu myaka itanu ishize, bigatuma B-line iba umuhuza w’ibikoresho hagati y’abacuruza ibiribwa 120 bo mu gace.
New Seasons itanga inyungu y'inyongera ku batanga ibicuruzwa: ingana na 30% by'amafaranga y'inguzanyo zabo zo mu murongo wa B. Ibi bibafasha kwirinda abacuruza ibiribwa basanzwe bafite amafaranga menshi.
Umwe mu batanga izo nyama ni Adam Berger, nyiri Portland Company Rollenti Pasta. Mbere yo gutangira gukoresha B-line, agomba kohereza kuri New Seasons Markets afite Scion xB ye nto umunsi wose.
Yagize ati: “Byari ubugome gusa.” “Gukwirakwiza ibirometero bya nyuma nibyo bitwica twese, byaba ari ibiribwa byumye, abahinzi cyangwa abandi.”
Noneho, yahaye imashini itwara imizigo ya B-line agasanduku k'amakaroni maze akagakandagira mu bubiko buri mu birometero 9 uvuye aho. Hanyuma bakajyanwa mu maduka atandukanye n'amakamyo asanzwe.
Yagize ati: “Nkomoka i Portland, ibi byose ni igice cy’inkuru. Ndi umuturage wo muri ako gace, ndi umunyabukorikori. Nkora uduce duto. Ndashaka kohereza amagare kugira ngo akore neza n'akazi kanjye.” “Ni byiza cyane.”
Roboti zitanga serivisi z'amashanyarazi n'imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi. Ifoto ikomoka kuri: Starship Technologies (roboti itanga serivisi) / Ayro (imodoka ifite imirimo myinshi)
Ifoto iri iruhande rw'ibikoresho byo gutwara abantu bya Starship Technologies n'imodoka y'amashanyarazi ya Ayro Club Car 411. Starship Technologies (robot yo gutwara abantu) / Ayro (imodoka ifite imikorere myinshi)
Ba rwiyemezamirimo benshi barimo kwerekeza iyo mikoro-ray ku bikoresho bisanzwe byo gutanga. Arcimoto Inc., uruganda rukora imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi rufite amapine atatu muri Oregon, rurimo kwakira amadosiye ya verisiyo ya nyuma ya Deliverator. Undi witabiriye ni Ayro Inc., uruganda rukora imodoka nto zikoresha amashanyarazi muri Texas rufite umuvuduko ntarengwa wa kilometero 25 ku isaha. Ingano ingana n'igare rya golf, imodoka zayo zitwara imyenda n'ibiryo mu bice by'imodoka bituje nko mu biruhuko by'amahoteli no mu bigo bya kaminuza.
Ariko Umuyobozi Mukuru Rod Keller yavuze ko ikigo ubu kirimo gukora verisiyo ishobora kugendwa mu muhanda, ifite icyumba cyo kubikamo amafunguro ya buri muntu. Umukiriya ni urusobe rw'amaresitora nka Chipotle Mexican Grill Inc. cyangwa Panera Bread Co., kandi bagerageza kugeza ibicuruzwa ku muryango w'umukiriya batishyuye amafaranga ikigo gitanga ibiryo gitanga ubu.
Ku rundi ruhande hari robo nto. Starship Technologies ifite icyicaro i San Francisco irimo guteza imbere vuba isoko ryayo ry’imodoka zigendanwa zifite amapine atandatu, zitarenze amakamyo akonjesha inzoga. Zishobora kugenda metero 1.5 kandi zikwiriye ingendo zo mu muhanda.
Kimwe na Ayro, byatangiriye ku ishuri ariko birimo kwaguka. Iyi sosiyete yagize iti ku rubuga rwayo: “Dukorana n'amaduka na resitora, dukora kohereza ibicuruzwa mu gace byihuse, byihuse kandi bihendutse.”
Izi modoka zose zifite moteri z'amashanyarazi, zifite ibyiza bikurikira: isukuye, ituje kandi byoroshye gusharija. Ariko mu maso y'abashinzwe igenamigambi ry'umujyi, igice cy' "imodoka" cyatangiye kubangamira imbibi zamaze igihe kinini zitandukanya imodoka n'amagare.
“Ni ryari wahinduye igare ujya mu modoka?” Umucuruzi w’i New York witwa Zuman yarabajije ati: “Iyi ni imwe mu mipaka idasobanutse tugomba guhangana nayo.”
Kimwe mu bice imijyi yo muri Amerika ishobora gutangira gutekereza ku buryo bwo kugenzura ubwikorezi bw'ikoranabuhanga ni kilometero kare imwe muri Santa Monica, muri Kaliforuniya.
Iyi ni imikino Olempike ya Los Angeles yo mu 2028. Ishyirahamwe ry’akarere ryizeye kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere mu turere tw’imijyi ku kigero cya kane icyo gihe, harimo n’intego ikomeye yo guhindura 60% by’amakamyo aciriritse atwara imizigo akayashyira mu mamodoka akoresha amashanyarazi. Muri Kamena uyu mwaka, Santa Monica yegukanye inkunga y’amadolari 350.000 yo gushyiraho agace ka mbere k’igihugu gatanga imyuka ihumanya ikirere.
Santa Monica ntabwo ishobora kuzirekura gusa, ahubwo inafite imihanda iri hagati ya 10 na 20, kandi ni zo zonyine (n'izindi modoka zikoresha amashanyarazi) zishobora guparika iyi mihanda. Ni zo parikingi za mbere zagenewe imizigo mu gihugu. Kamera izakurikirana uko iyi mihanda ikoreshwa.
“Ubu ni ubushakashatsi nyakuri. Ubu ni umupilote nyawe,” ibi ni ibyatangajwe na Francis Stefan, ushinzwe umushinga nk'umuyobozi mukuru w'ibikorwa byo gutwara abantu n'ibintu muri Santa Monica.
Agace kadafite imyuka ihumanya ikirere kari mu majyaruguru ya Los Angeles karimo agace ko mu mujyi rwagati ndetse na Third Street Promenade, kamwe mu duce dukorerwamo amaduka menshi mu majyepfo ya California.
“Guhitamo inzira y’umuhanda ni cyo kintu cy’ingenzi,” ibi byavuzwe na Matt Peterson, perezida w’ikigo gishinzwe ubufatanye mu gutwara amashanyarazi cyahisemo Santa Monica. “Ufite abantu benshi bitabira ahantu ho kurya, aho gutanga ibicuruzwa, aho [ubucuruzi buva ku bucuruzi].”
Uyu mushinga ntuzatangira mu mezi atandatu ashize, ariko abahanga bavuga ko amakimbirane hagati y’amagare akoresha amashanyarazi n’indi mihanda y’amagare adashobora kwirindwa.
Lisa Nisenson, inzobere mu gutwara abantu muri WGI, ikigo gishinzwe gushushanya ibikorwa remezo rusange, yagize ati: “Mu buryo butunguranye, haje itsinda ry’abantu bagiye gutembera, abagenzi n’abacuruzi.” “Byatangiye kuba byinshi.”
Umujyanama mu by’imizigo Starr yavuze ko kubera ko ari mato mato, amato atwara imizigo y’ikoranabuhanga ashobora guparika ku muhanda, cyane cyane mu "gace k’ibikoresho byo mu nzu", gatuwe n’amabaruwa, aho bagurisha ibinyamakuru, amatara n’ibiti.
Ariko muri ako gace gato, amagare atwara imizigo akoresha amashanyarazi arimo kugenda ku nzira z'amapine y'imodoka zikoresha nabi uburenganzira: amagare atwara imizigo azwiho kubangamira urujya n'uruza rw'abantu mu mijyi myinshi.
Ethan Bergson, umuvugizi w’ishami rishinzwe gutwara abantu n’ibintu muri Seattle, yagize ati: “Ni ikibazo gikomeye gukora ibishoboka byose kugira ngo abantu baparike neza kugira ngo badateza imbogamizi ku bafite ubumuga ku muhanda.”
Nissensen yavuze ko niba imodoka nto kandi zikora neza zishobora kugera kuri iyo ngendo, imijyi ishobora gukenera gushyiraho itsinda rimwe aho gushyiraho icyo yise "inzira zigendanwa", ni ukuvuga seti ebyiri z'abantu basanzwe n'izindi zoroheje z'ubucuruzi.
Hari kandi amahirwe mu kindi gice cy’ubutaka bwa kaburimbo cyasizwe mu myaka yashize: inzira zinyuramo.
Nisensen yabajije ati: “Utangiye gutekereza gusubira mu gihe kizaza, ukajyana ibikorwa by’ubucuruzi byinshi mu muhanda munini ukabishyira imbere, aho nta wundi ushobora kuba uhari uretse abatwara imyanda?”
Mu by’ukuri, ahazaza ho gutanga ingufu ntoya hashobora gusubira mu bihe byashize. Amakamyo menshi ya mazutu adakora neza kandi ahumeka moto zitwara imizigo zikoresha amashanyarazi ashaka gusimbuza ni ay’ikigo cya UPS cyashinzwe mu 1907.